Asignaturas troncales y optativas

You may say:
Asignaturas troncales: Core subjects
The national curriculum for England is organised on the basis of 4 key stages and 12 subjects, classified in legal terms as ‘core’ and ‘other foundation’ subjects.
Asignaturas optativas: Optional subjects

Clase de valores

The most accurate translation could be:

Personal, social, health and economic education (PSHE). 

Personal, social, health and economic (PSHE) education has in various forms been part of the National Curriculum for schools in UK since 2000. It is a planned programme to help children and young people develop fully as individuals and as members of families and social and economic communities. Its goal is to equip young people with the knowledge, understanding, attitudes and practical skills to live healthily, safely, productively and responsibly.

Tutoría

Tutor: tutor/class teacher (example)
Tutoría: tutoring/mentoring/guiding refer to the activity of helping and guiding a student. 
If you want to refer to the time a week you devote to this activity, you may simply say 'tutor time' or 'form time'.

Estás castigado sin recreo

You may say:
'I'm going to give you a detention at break time', 'You are not allowed to go out to the playground at break.',  'You will be kept in at break time.' , 'You have to stay in at break time.'